Health Promotion Intervention Plan: Hepatitis B

Wellbeing Promotion Intervention Plan: Hepatitis B Presentation The chief reason for ailment and passing everywhere throughout the world are because of the irresistible infections. There is a nonstop ascent in the test of improving the endeavors to experience the wellbeing dangers brought about by the organisms. The test to forestall and control the infection is because of the capacity of the microorganisms to develop and adjust to the evolving condition, populaces, innovations, and practices. The effect of irresistible illnesses in creating nations decreased endurance rates in youngsters, and lessened financial development and advancement. There were worries in wellbeing and monetary territories of created nations because of the irresistible infections. The endemic, resurgent, and new illnesses bring about gigantic torment and passing. They likewise cause tremendous budgetary misfortunes in the nation. To shield the nation from irresistible illnesses, it is important to create and execute thorough wellbeing arrangements that are proof based, and the soundness of the defenseless populaces ought to be taken consideration. The nation needs to create coordinated effort with the worldwide accomplices to control further episodes inside the nation and spread of the malady over the fringes (CDC structure for forestalling irresistible ailments, 2011). Among the proof based assets for the wellbeing advancement issue, ‘immunization and irresistible sicknesses, and worldwide health’, a diagram of 2011 horribleness and mortality week by week report is talked about here. The report centers around the danger of Hepatitis B disease in individuals with diabetes mellitus. The report likewise discusses death rate, control proportions of the contamination, the productivity of the antibody, and the technique for controlling the immunization (Evidence-based asset synopsis, 2011). A constant or intense contamination of the liver by hepatitis B infection (HBV) prompts mortality. Since 1996, 29 episodes of HBV disease happened in more than one long haul clinical consideration offices of United States. The drawn out clinical consideration (LTC) offices included nursing homes and helped living territories. The above data was accounted for to the Center for sickness control and avoidance (CDC). Among 29, 25 were related with grown-ups e xperiencing diabetes (MMWR, 2011). Disease and its Control The gathering of individuals with diabetes at higher hazard for Hepatitis B contamination was accounted for to comprise of 865 cases in the year 2009-2010. This number was evaluated from eight disease projects and it involves 17 percent of the US populace. The hazard examination was assessed for those over 23 years old. The rules for contamination control principally passed on safe blood glucose checking and these were accessible since 1990. The rules for HBV control focusing on the LTC environment were distributed in 2005 (MMWR, 2005). Assessment of the HBV antibody mediation Two recombinant Hepatitis B antibodies were created from a solitary antigen. They were Recombivax HB and Engerix-B. A blend of hepatitis An and B antibody called Twinrix was made accessible in the United States. Immunization for hepatitis B infection is accessible in US since 1982. Assessment is related with checking the productivity of the mediation program. Assessment should be possible in developmental and summative strategies. Developmental assessment is led during the turn of events and usage of the intercession program while summative is done when the program is built up and giving its outcomes. The previous technique helps in improving the mediation and the last aides in distinguishing the degree of the result accomplished by the intercession (CDC’s sound networks program, nd). Hepatitis B Vaccine Intervention Developmental assessment Intramuscular organization of three dosages of this antibody is done at 0, 1 and a half year. The grown-ups getting seroprotection from hepatitis B surface antigen, subsequent to accepting three dosages step by step decline with age, smoking, immunosuppression, heftiness, comorbid conditions like diabetes (MMWR, 2011). The counter acting agent reactions for the diabetics were seen as diminished than the non-diabetics. The exploration considers have uncovered that more noteworthy than 90 percent of grown-ups ( Summative assessment †Hepatitis B antibody (measurements >1) managed to 70 million individuals in United States somewhere in the range of 1982 and 2004 had regular symptoms of agony at the infusion site and mellow increment in the internal heat level. In a portion of the fake treatment controlled investigations, individuals accepting the antibody were not habitually getting the reactions than individuals taking a fake treatment. This immunization is contraindicated for individuals with the historical backdrop of touchiness to yeast and other antibody segments. It isn't contraindicated in those experiencing immune system infections, numerous sclerosis, pregnant or lactating ladies and other constant illnesses. Extra measurements of the immunization are not given to the individuals who had genuine reactions like hypersensitivity in the wake of taking the principal arrangement of portions. A quick defensive invulnerability against huge disease is given by the supporter portion o f HepB antibody which is controlled after the essential inoculation arrangement. The quantity of individuals with antibody incited seroprotection expanded when revaccination of more noteworthy than one portion of HepB immunization was controlled for the nonresponses (MMWR, 2006). End Hepatitis B antibody can be given to any person of all ages. However, as of late these immunizations are not considered as productive and savvy for more seasoned grown-ups. As per the endorsements of the board of trustees on vaccination rehearses, HepB immunization ought to be managed to unvaccinated grown-ups having diabetes mellitus, matured somewhere in the range of 19 and 59 years. In any case, proof has indicated that expanded danger of intense HBV contamination in diabetic grown-ups matured over 60 years was not all that solid than in youngsters with diabetes (Evidence-based asset rundown, 2011). References Building our understanding: Key ideas of assessment, what is it and how would you do it? Making a culture of solid living. CDC’s solid networks program. Recovered from http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dch/programs/healthycommunitiesprogram/apparatuses/pdf/eval_planning.pdf CDC. (2006). An exhaustive vaccination system to dispense with transmission of hepatitis B infection disease in the United States. Proposals of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) part II: inoculation of grown-ups. MMWR, 55(No. RR-16). Recovered from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/review/mmwrhtml/rr6210a1.htm CDC. (2005). Transmission of Hepatitis B infection among people experiencing blood glucose observing in long haul offices †Mississippi, North Carolina, and Los Angeles province, California, 2003-2004. MMWR, 54, 220-3. Leuridan, E., Van Damme, P. (2011). Hepatitis B and the requirement for a sponsor portion. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 53, 68â€75. Imprint H. Sawyer et.al, (December, 2011). Utilization of Hepatitis B Vaccination for Adults with Diabetes Mellitus: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Bleakness and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). Community for Disease Control and Prevention. 60(50), 1709-1711. Recovered from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/review/mmwrhtml/mm6050a4.htm Thomas, R. F., Rima, F. K., representative chief for irresistible ailments, Center for illness control and counteraction; Kevin M. De Cock, F.R.C.P Director, Center for worldwide wellbeing. (October 2011). A CDC Framework for forestalling irresistible illnesses. Continuing the basics and Innovating for what's to come. Recovered from http://www.cdc.gov/oid/docs/ID-Framework.pdf Utilization of Hepatitis B Vaccination for grown-ups with diabetes mellitus: suggestions of the warning board on inoculation rehearses (ACIP). (2011). Proof based asset synopsis. HealthyPeople.gov. Recovered from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/apparatuses assets/proof based-asset/utilization of-hepatitis-b-immunization for-grown-ups with-diabetes

Oedipus Essays - Oedipus, Creon, Antigone, Jocasta, Operas, Ismene

Oedipus Essays - Oedipus, Creon, Antigone, Jocasta, Operas, Ismene Oedipus Oedipus and Antigone are blood family members; and as in numerous family members, they have both striking likenesses and minor contrasts. Oedipus was the child of King Laus and Queen Jocasta. Oedipus was an extremely solid ruler during his rule until the city of Thebes was struck by a plague sent by the divine beings. Oedipus was a solid chief and the individuals of Thebes were glad during his season of initiative. Oedipus had an extremely touchiness. At the point when Creon carried the visually impaired benefit to talk with Oedipus and the benefit disclosed to Oedipus that it was he who killed the ruler, Oedipus flew into a fierceness and reprimanded Creon for the wrongdoing. Another case of Oedipuss huge temper was the point at which the three expressways met and Oedipus needed to venture out in front of an elderly person and his laborers. Oedipus had a fit of rage and executed everything except one man. This is currently known as cutting edge street rage. Antigone was the little girl/sister of the previous ruler of Thebes, Oedipus. Antigone was an exceptionally tough lady. She stood up for what she accepted regardless of whether the results were brutal, for example, passing. Antigone was an exceptionally difficult lady. She generally battled to get her direction. A case of this is when there was an immediate request from the ruler not to cover her sibling since he was battling against the city of Thebes. Creon the lord expressed, Anyone that covers that individual will be sent to death by stoning. She couldn't care less about this danger and covers her sibling in any case. Antigone shared a great deal for all intents and purpose with her dad/sibling, Oedipus. Both Oedipus and Antigone had solid characters. Antigone indicated her psychological quality when going to chance her life for the entombment of her sibling. Oedipus demonstrated his psychological quality when he was asked a puzzle from the sphinx. He additionally indicated it when he was a prosperous lord. Antigone was more collected than Oedipus however they were both exceptionally difficult individuals. Based on the activities and characters of Antigone and Oedipus, one can see that family members have various likenesses and few diffe

The role of a Vitamin A

The role of a Vitamin A Vitamin A in Bone Metabolism Home›Science Posts›Vitamin A in Bone Metabolism Science PostsVitamin A is essential for many vital processes in the human body. They include haematopoiesis, bone development, bone metabolism, immunocompetence, embryo development and maintenance of epithelia tissue. The two types of vitamin A present in the body sustains the above processes. Vitamin A is found in two forms in the human body. The first type is called retinol. This type of Vitamin A is obtained from animal foodstuff sources. This type of vitamin is a soluble fat (Ball, 2004).Retinol is a highly unstable vitamin because of the instability of the unpolluted alcohol group in its structure, this type of vitamin is found in the body tissues in the form a reduced vitamin called retinyl ester. This type of vitamin can also be produced commercially and are administered in the form of esters such as palmitate or retinyl acetate (Groper S et al, 2009).The second types of vitamin A are the caroten es. Examples of carotenes include xanthophylls and beta- Cryptoxanthinallin. Cryptoxathinallins vitamins have beta ionone rings not found in any other Carotenoids like, the gamma- carotene, beta â€"carotene, and the alpha- carotene. Omnivores and Herbivores possess’ enzymes that are required in converting the above compounds into retinal. (Stipanuk, 2006)Free retinol can transverse the bi lipid layer of the biological membranesInterfering with the function and structure of the membrane .The ‘intracellular retinol-protein complex’ is the most active type of retinol metabolically. Protein esterification and binding stops the interference action of free retinol on the function and structure of the Membrane .Protein binding and esterification also shields retinoid from decomposing and processing what is not wanted. For Metabolism to occur in the osteoblasts cells of the bone, the following processes take place. The ingested carotenoids and retinyl esters are integrated into the va ried micelles in the bones and enzymes then hydrolyze the retinal esters. (Ball, 2004).The action of vitamin A in the metabolism of the bone occurs through nuclear receptors by regulating the gene targeted, expressions and by regulating the intra cellular transport of Vitamin A through the cellular retinol binding protein complex (CRPB-1). Vitamin A plays a regulatory role in the metabolism bone although the regulatory mechanisms have not been fully deciphered (Groper S. et al, 2009).All-trans retinoic acids and all retinols of the bone stimulate resorption in the bone through direct action on osteoclasts: the cells involved in the resorption process of the bone. Vitamin A is very important for the metabolism of the bone, which occurs through its association with osteoblasts, which are the cells that form bones and osteoclasts (Stipanuk, 2006).An insufficiency in vitamin A in the body leads to excesses in bone resorption by the cells that form bones and also results in the degradati on  and weakening of the of the bone. Excesses of vitamin A is in the body, inhibits osteoblasts formation and Stimulates osteoclasts formation hence lowering the bone mineral concentration and rising the risk of bone Fracture (Ball,2004).Vitamin A is also helps in the distribution of iron in the body. Retinoic acid also acts as an inducer of osteocalcin, Matrix Glycol Proteins and bone morphogenetic protein all essential in the process of bone formation. (Gropper S, et al., 2008). .In conclusion, Vitamin A is very essential in bone metabolism, because it influences the processes that cause either bone formation or bone resorption.

The Seagull by Chekhov Character Analysis

Bang! A gunshot is heard from offstage. The characters on stage are startled, frightened. Their pleasant game of cards has come to a screeching halt. A doctor peeks into the adjoining room. He returns to calm Irina Arkadina; she fears her son Konstantin has killed himself. Dr. Dorn lies and says, â€Å"Don’t upset yourself†¦ A bottle of ether burst.† A moment later, he takes Irina’s boyfriend aside and whispers the truth. â€Å"Take Irina Nikolaevna somewhere, away from here. The fact is, Konstantin Gavrilovich has shot himself.† Then, the curtain falls and the play ends. The audience has learned that the troubled young writer Konstantin has committed suicide, and that his mother will be grief-stricken by the end of the evening. Sounds depressing, doesnt it? Yet Chekhov very purposefully labeled The Seagull a comedy. Ha, Ha! Ha Uh I Dont Get It The Seagull is filled with many elements of drama: believable characters, realistic events, serious situations, unhappy outcomes. Yet, there is still an undercurrent of humor flowing beneath the surface of the play. Fans of the Three Stooges may disagree, but there is in fact comedy to be found within The Seagulls somber characters. However, that does not qualify Chekhovs play as a slapstick or romantic comedy. Instead, think of it as a tragicomedy. For those not familiar with the events of the play, read the synopsis of The Seagull. If the audience pays close attention, they will learn that Chekhov’s characters consistently create their own misery, and therein lurks the humor, dark and bitter though it may be. The Characters: Masha: The daughter of the estate manager. She claims to be profoundly in love with Konstantin. Alas, the young writer pays no attention to her devotion. Whats Tragic? Masha wears black. Why? Her reply: â€Å"Because I’m morning my life.† Masha is openly unhappy. She drinks too much. She is addicted to snuff tobacco. By the fourth act, Masha begrudgingly marries Medvedenko, the earnest and under-appreciated school teacher. However, she does not love him. And even though she has his child, she exhibits no motherly compassion, only boredom to the prospect of raising a family. She believes that she must move far away in order to forget her love for Konstantin. By the play’s end, the audience is left to imagine her devastation in reaction to Konstantin’s suicide. Whats Funny? She says she’s in love, but she never says why. She believes Konstantin has the â€Å"manner of a poet.† But aside from that, what does she see in this mentally unstable, seagull murdering, mama’s boy? As my â€Å"hip† students would say: â€Å"She’s got no game!† We never see her flirt, enchant, or seduce. She just wears dreary clothing and consumes mass quantities of vodka. Because she sulks instead of pursuing her dreams, her self-pity is more likely to elicit a cynical chuckle rather than a sigh of sympathy. Sorin: The frail sixty-year old owner of the estate. A former government employee, he lives a quiet and rather dissatisfying life in the country. He is the brother of Irina and the kindly uncle of Konstantin. Whats Tragic? As each act progresses, he complains more and more of his health. He falls asleep during conversations and suffers from fainting spells. Several times he mentions how he wants to hold onto life, but his doctor offers no remedy, with the exception of sleeping pills. Some characters encourage him to leave the country and go into town. However, he never manages to leave his residence, and it seems clear he will soon die, leaving behind an unexciting life. Whats Funny? In act four, Sorin decides that his life would make a worthy short story. SORIN: Once upon a time in my youth I was bound and determined to become a writer – and I never became one. I was bound and determined to speak beautifully – and I spoke hideously {†¦} I was bound and determined to get married – and I never did. Bound and determined to live in town my whole life – and here I am, ending it all up in the country and that’s all there is to it. Yet, Sorin takes no satisfaction in his actual accomplishments. He served as a state councilor, earning a high rank in the Justice Department, in a career that spanned twenty-eight years. His esteemed government position afforded him a large, beautiful estate by a tranquil lake. However he takes no pleasure in his country sanctuary. His own employee, Shamrayev (Masha’s father) controls the farm, the horses, and the household. At times Sorin seems almost imprisoned by his own servants. Here, Chekhov provides an amusing satire: members of the upper-class are at the mercy of the tyrannical working class. Dr. Dorn: A country doctor and friend of Sorin and Irina. Unlike the other characters, he appreciates Konstantin’s ground-breaking writing style. Whats Tragic? Actually, he’s one of the more cheerful of Chekhovs characters. However, he exhibits a disturbing apathy when his patient, Sorin, pleads for health and long life. SORIN: Just understand that I want to live.DORN: That’s asinine. Every life must come to an end. Not much of a bedside manner! Whats funny? Dorn is perhaps the only character aware of the excessively high levels of unrequited love simmering within the characters around him. He blames it on the enchantment of the lake. Shamrayev’s wife, Paulina, is very attracted to Dr. Dorn, yet he does not encourage her or halt her pursuit. In a very funny moment, the innocent Nina gives Dorn a bouquet of flowers. Paulina pretends to find them delightful. Then, as soon as Nina is out of earshot Paulina viciously tells Dorn, â€Å"Give me those flowers!† Then she jealously rips them to shreds. Nina: The beautiful young neighbor of Konstantin. She is infatuated with famous people such as Konstatin’s mother and the renowned novelist Boris Alexyvich Trigorin. She desires to become a famous actress in her own right. Whats Tragic? Nina represents the loss of innocence. She believes that Trigorin is a great and moral person simply because of his fame. Unfortunately, during the two years that pass between acts three and four, Nina has an affair with Trigorin. She becomes pregnant, the child dies, and Trigorin disregards her like a child grown bored with an old toy. Nina works as an actress, but she is neither good nor successful. By the play’s end, she feels wretched and confused about herself. She begins referring to herself as â€Å"the seagull,† the innocent bird that was shot, killed, stuffed and mounted. Whats funny? At the play’s end, despite all of the emotional harm she has received, she loves Trigorin more than ever. Humor is generated from her terrible judge of character. How can she love a man that has stolen her innocence and caused so much pain? We can laugh – not out of amusement – but because we too were once (and perhaps still are) naà ¯ve. Irina: A famous actress of the Russian stage. She is also the unappreciative mother of Konstantin. Whats Tragic? Irina does not understand or support her son’s writing career. Knowing that Konstantin is obsessed with breaking away from traditional drama and literature, she torments her son by quoting Shakespeare. There are some parallels between Irina and Gertrude, the mother of Shakespeare’s greatest tragic character: Hamlet. Like Gertrude, Irina is in love with a man that her son abhors. Also, like Hamlet’s mother, Irina’s questionable morals provide the foundation of her son’s melancholy. Whats Funny? Irina’s flaw is one found in many diva characters. She has an enormously inflated ego yet is terribly insecure. Here are some examples that showcase her incongruities: She brags about her steadfast youth and beauty yet begs Trigorin to stay in their relationship despite her old age.She flaunts her success but claims that she has no money to help her distressed son or her ailing brother.She loves her son yet maintains a romantic relationship which she knows tortures Konstantin’s soul. Irina’s life is filled with contradiction, an essential ingredient in comedy. Konstantin Treplev: A young, idealistic and often desperate writer who lives in the shadow of his famous mother. Whats Tragic? Fraught with emotional problems, Konstatin wants to be loved by Nina and his mother, but instead the female characters turn their affections toward Boris Trigorin. Tortured by his unrequited love for Nina, and the ill-favored reception of his play, Konstantin shoots a seagull, a symbol of innocence and freedom. Shortly after, he attempts suicide. After Nina leaves for Moscow, Konstantin writes furiously and gradually gains success as an author. Nevertheless, his approaching fame means little to him. So long as Nina and his mother choose Trigorin, Konstantin can never be content. And so, at the play’s end, he finally succeeds in taking his own life. Whats Funny? Because of the violent end of Konstantin’s life, it is difficult to view act four as a finale of a comedy. However, Konstantin can be viewed as a satire of the â€Å"new movement† of symbolist writers at the dawn of the twentieth century. Throughout most of the play, Konstantin is passionate about creating new artistic forms and abolishing old ones. However, by the play’s conclusion he decides that forms do not really matter. What is important is to â€Å"just keep writing.† That epiphany sounds somewhat encouraging, yet by the end of act four he tears up his manuscripts and shoots himself. What makes him so miserable? Nina? His art? His mother? Trigorin? A mental disorder? All of the above? Because his melancholy is so difficult to pin point, the audience may ultimately find Konstantin to be merely a sad fool, a far cry from his more philosophical literary counterpart, Hamlet. In the last moment of this grim comedy, the audience knows that Konstantin is dead. We do not witness the extreme grief of the mother, or Masha, or Nina or anyone else. Instead, the curtain closes as they play cards, oblivious to tragedy. Viciously funny stuff, don’t you agree?

Some of the Highest Skyscrapers in the World

The Bipolar Disorder In Early Years Free Essays

Bipolar affective disorder has been a mystery since the 16th century. History has shown that this affliction can appear in almost anyone. According to an article on bipolar disorder by, David E. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bipolar Disorder In Early Years or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cohen, Some research suggests that highly creative people such as artists, composers, writers, and poets, show unusually high rates of bipolar disorder, and that periods of mania fuel their creativity. Famous artists and writers who might have suffered from bipolar disorder include poets Lord Byron and Anne Sexton, novelists Virginia Woolf (who did suffer from bipolar disorder) and Ernest Hemingway. (Encarta Encyclopedia) Despite the fact that many people suffer from bipolar disorder, we still wait for clear explanations for the causes as well as the cure. The one fact of which we are painfully aware of is that bipolar disorder severely weakens its† victims ability to obtain and maintain social and occupational success. Manic and Depressive Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder or manic depression is characterized by many symptoms that can be broken into manic and depressive episodes. The depressive episodes are characterized by intense feelings of sadness, despair, hopelessness, and helplessness. guilt, crying spells, disturbances in sleep and appetite, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty thinking, indecisiveness, and recurrent thoughts of death and suicide. (National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association). The manic episodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and often reckless or irresponsible behavior, grandiose delusions, inflated sense of self-importance, racing speech, racing thoughts, flight of ideas, impulsiveness, poor judgment, distractibility, reckless behavior and in the more severe cases, delusions and hallucinations. (NDMDA )(Encarta Encyclopedia) Bipolar disorder affects approximately one percent of the population (approximately two million people) in the United States. It usually begins in a person†s late teens or 20s. Men usually experience mania as the first mood episode, and women usually experience depression first. Episodes of mania and depression usually last from several weeks to several months. On average, people with untreated bipolar disorder experience four episodes of mania or depression over a ten-year period. Many people with bipolar disorder function normally between episodes. Still, in â€Å"rapid-cycling† bipolar disorder a person experiences four or more mood episodes within a year and may have little or no normal functioning in between episodes. Often times bipolar patients report that the depressions are longer and increase in frequency as they age. Bipolar disorder is diagnosed if an episode of mania occurs whether depression has been diagnosed or not. Many times bipolar states and psychotic states are misdiagnosed as schizophrenia. Fortunately, Speech patterns help distinguish between the two disorders. This devastating disease causes disruptions of families, loss of jobs as well as millions of dollars in cost to society(Encarta Encyclopedia). (NIMH) Other Forms of Bipolar Disorder Stages of Mania In another type of bipolar disorder, a person experiences major depression and hippomanic episodes, or episodes of milder mania. In a related disorder called cyclothymic disorder, a person†s mood alternates between mild depression and mild mania. (Encarta Encyclopedia) The three stages of mania begin with hippomania, in which patients report that they are energetic, extroverted and assertive. The hippomania state has led observers to feel that bipolar patients are â€Å"addicted† to their mania. Hippomania progresses into mania and the transition is marked by loss of judgment. Often, overjoyed grandiose characteristics are displayed, and paranoid or irritable characteristics begin to manifest. The third stage of mania is when the patient experiences delusions with often paranoid ideas. Speech is generally rapid and hyperactive behavior sometimes becomes violent when frustrated ((NIMH) (Encarta Encyclopedia) The genes that a person inherits seem to have a strong influence on whether or not the person will develop bipolar disorder. Studies of twins provide evidence for this genetic influence. Among genetically identical twins where one twin has bipolar disorder, the other twin has a 50 percent chance of also having the disorder. Conversely, among pairs of fraternal twins, who have about half their genes in common, brothers, sisters and children have a 5-10 percent chance. The amount of genetic similarity seems to explain for the difference between identical and fraternal twins. Further evidence for a genetic influence is apparent in the study of adopted children with bipolar disorder. This study shows that children who develop bipolar disorder are more likely to have had biological relatives with this disorder rather than adoptive relatives. Although research has shown an apparent linkage to genes on many chromosomes, researchers have been unable to locate a specific gene linked to the disorder. (Kalat 434) (Encarta Encyclopedia) Lithium salts has been the primary treatment of bipolar disorder which continues to be used since it accidental discovery by J. F. Cade. (Kalat 434) It is main function is to stabilize the mood of bipolar disorder patients. The drug usually takes two to three weeks to become effective. People with bipolar disorder may take lithium during periods of normal mood to delay or prevent later episodes of mania or depression. Common side effects of lithium include nausea, increased thirst and urination, dizziness, loss of appetite, and muscle weakness. Unfortunately, 20- 40% of bipolar patients are either unresponsive to lithium or can†t stand the side effects. (Encarta Encyclopedia) For those 20 to 40 percent of people who do not respond to lithium therapy, two anticonvulsant drugs may help calm severe manic episodes. The first one is carbamazepine (Tegretol) and valproate (Depakene). These drugs are useful as anti-manic agents, especially in patients with mixed states. Both of these medications can be used in combination with lithium or in combination with each other. Valproate is especially helpful for patients who are unresponsive to lithium, experience rapid cycling, or have alcohol or drug abuse problems. (Encarta Encyclopedia) (NDMDA) Newer antipsychotic medications such as olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine appear to help with manic episodes. Also, anticonvulsant or antiepilepsy drugs such as lamotrigine, topiramate and gabapentin may help stabilize patient†s mood when other medications are ineffective. (psychology today, 87) Yet other drugs used are antidepressants. They include, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI†s), fluovamine and amitriptyline which been used by some doctors as treatment for bipolar disorder. However, research shows that SSRI†s and other antidepressants can actually trigger high manic episodes especially when used alone. Antidepressants are useful when used in together with mood stabilizing medications such as lithium. NIMH) (Psychology Today, 87) In addition to the mentioned medical treatments of bipolar disorder, there are several other options available to bipolar patients, most of which are used together with medicine. One such treatment is light therapy. Which is actually used to treat another form of depression known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Patients are treated with very bright lights (2500lux) for an hour or more each day. This bright light treatment is equally effective in the morning, afternoon, or evening, but according to research it is most effect during the day. Kalat 436) Yet another popular treatment for bipolar disorder is electro-convulsive shock therapy. ECT is usually the recommended treatment for severely manic patients who are homicidal, psychotic, catatonic, severely suicidal, or for those who were unresponsive to drugs. (Kalat 433) (Encarta Encyclopedia) A final type of therapy is outpatient group psychotherapy. According to The National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association, the value of support groups, has challenged mental health professionals to take a more serious look at group therapy for people with bipolar depression. Research shows that group participation may help increase lithium compliance, decrease denial regarding the illness, and increase awareness of both external and internal stress factors leading to manic and depressive episodes. Group therapy for patients with bipolar disorders responds to the need for support and reinforcement of medication management, and the need for education and support for the personal difficulties that arise during the course of the disorder. Cognitive and behavioral treatments focus on recognizing early warning signs, interrupting unrealistic thoughts and maintaining positive activities. (Psychology Today, 87) How to cite The Bipolar Disorder In Early Years, Essay examples

Allegations Made Against Phoenix Activity â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Allegations Made Against Phoenix Activity? Answer: Introducation The term phoenix activity is related to the company law in the provinces of Australia. Australia is a business country and most of its income is gained through the business process (Anderson et al., 2015). The main object of the businesses is to gain profit and it is the common nature and mentality of the entrepreneurs of Australia. However, in certain times, it has observed that the directors or the entrepreneurs are engaging themselves in certain illegal conducts such as avoid the creditors and evade the taxes etc. This activity is known as phoenix activity. Recently, in Giudice v Bolwell, the principle and aspects of phoenix activity has been observed. Yes, it can be beneficial to the society. From all the recent allegations made against the phoenix activity, it is presumed that the effect of the activity is negative in nature. However, there are certain positive impacts present in case of the activities. The phoenix activities are treated as the process of business rescue (Barnes, 2013). The reason behind the same is to maintain the assets of the old company by incorporating a new company without changing its directors or the employees. In the case of legal phoenix activity, there is no scope to defraud the creditors; rather the same have increased the possibilities of the entrepreneurship. All the legal rules of the Corporation Act 2001 have been follows in the case of the winding up of the company and in case of the taxing liabilities. Therefore, it can be stated that the phoenix activities have certain beneficiary impacts created on the society. The following are the purpose of the activity: The activities are identified certain steps that are taken by the directors of the company to avoid the creditors of an insolvent company; When an old company has become insolvent, new company has been incorporated to avoid the bankruptcy of the old one through the activity; Sometimes, the directors of such companies are trying to evade taxes; In certain times, the phoenix activities are used as a process to rescue the business segment and secure the interest of the employees; The activity is featured to provoke the entrepreneurial mentality in case of business. When the newly incorporated company followed up all the legal norms regarding the Corporation Act 2001, there shall have no scope to breach any duties of the company rules. Therefore, it can be observed that there shall be more than one purpose. The directors of the companies who are involving in the phoenix activities can be benefitted and on the other side, the creditors and the government can be affected. Apart from certain positive nature of the phoenix activities, the same is used to denote certain illegal purposes too. When certain directors of the company transferred all the money of an old company to a new one with an intention to avoid the creditors, they are getting benefits by way of gaining profits from the process (Brubaker, 2013). The situation accrues when the directors of the company become incompatible to pay off the debt or meet the requirements of the creditors. Tax evasion also leads the directors of the company to gain profits. From the very nature of the purpose of the activity, it can be stated that the government has to face huge loss regarding the tax evasion. The government has to face huge loss and crisis regarding the revenue system. The creditors of the old companies are also faced certain problems as there are risk to loss their invested money. Prohibitory section of phoenix activity: It has been stated under that in certain circumstances, the phoenix activity follows legal rules contained under the provision of the Corporation Act 2001. However, no specific rules under the Corporation Act have been mentioned that attracts the rules regarding the phoenix activity (DeBacker, Heim Tran, 2015). In this case, general principle of rule will be applicable such as section 180 for the breach of Directors duty and section 489EA for the winding up of the company. Australian Security and Investigating Commission have the power to deal with the matters address for the problems relating to phoenix activity. Provision breached by phoenix activity: It has been stated earlier that there is no specific provision mentioned under the Corporation Act that particularly deal with the phoenix activity (DeMott, 2016). The general law of the Corporation Act is applicable in this case. In any case, where the director of a company wind up the company by not maintaining the appropriate provisions regarding the Corporation Act 2001, he shall be liable for the violation of section 489EA of the Corporation Act. If any of the directors of the company had breached their moral duty towards the employees or shareholders, he shall be held liable under the provision of section 180 of the Corporation Act 2001. Certain allegations were brought by ASIC against the company of Mr. Giudice that the company owned by Mr. Giudice had violated the provision of tax and superannuation. It had also been alleged that the director of the company were engaged themselves in the delayed installment services. Furthermore, it was stated that Mr. Giedice had concealed the facts and incorporated a new company. ASIC told that the director of the company had violated the provisions of the Corporation Act and the company is not permitted to incorporate a new company (Knaplund, 2015). Observation by Court: It was observed by the court that there is no provision under the Corporation Act that can restrict the director of a company to incorporate a new one. It has also been stated that ASIC had failed to submit any direct evidence that can show the fact that the director of the alleged company had violated the provisions of the Corporation Act (Lanis Richardson, 2015). The court observed that the acts of Mr. Giudice had been wise enough as he had maintained all the necessary documents regarding the incorporation of the new company and therefore, the court was pleased to pass an order in favor of Mr. Giudice. The term phoenix activity has been denoted a second company that means a newly incorporated company. The new company forms from the ashes of the predecessor company and runs a business of similar kind. There are two kinds of phoenix activities observed in the corporal sector in Australia (Lynch et al., 2016). One that follows the legal rules called legal activity and the other that does not follow the same called illegal activity. Legality of the activity bears the objective to rescue an old insolvent company into a new one without changing its internal structure. In case of illegal activity, similar methods are applied but there is the directors of the company have adopted an illegal intention. The outcomes of the illegal phoenix activities are detrimental for the unsecured creditors and the section of the taxes are also affected a lot. The phoenix activity accrues where the old company faced financial hurdles and may become insolvent during the business. Australian Securities and Investigation Commission has been empowered to deal with the problem regarding the illegal phoenix activities and the intention of the directors of these companies are taken into consideration in this process (Muhammadi et al., 2016). Illegal phoenix activity, sometimes known as the fraudulent phoenix activity had certain illegal bases that can be divided into three parts- illegal type 1, illegal type 2 and complex phoenix activity. It is hard to prove whether the activity of the directors of as company attracted the provisions of the illegal phoenix activity. It is important to collect certain documentary evidences to support the conception of illegal activity (Ormerod et al., 2015). Necessary information regarding the company should be collected in this process and certain external observation regarding the activity of the individuals should be made. Information regarding the legality or illegality of the company can be derived from the databases maintained by the ASIC or ATO. The process to determine whether the company has attracted the provisions regarding the illegal phoenix activity, it is important to observe certain grounds. If the controller of the newly incorporated company is similar to the old company or the business objective of the old company is similar to the new company, there are certain possibilities regarding the illegal phoenix activity (Price, 2016). There are certain illegal outcomes of the phoenix activities such as the corporate assets are transferred to a newly incorporated company before the insolvency of the older one. The interest of the creditors is very much affected by the acts of the directors of the companies. It is not the rule that the assets of the old company will transferred to the new company: the assets can be transferred to any other entity. It has been reported in the year 2012 that the government of Australia had faced a huge loss regarding the revenue sector and the outcome of the same had created serious impact on the economy of Australia (Richardson, Taylor Lanis, 2013). Therefore, it can be seen that the illegal process of the phoenix activities could be harmful for the interest of the creditors. The main problem is that there is no particular provision mentioned under the Corporation Act 2001 regarding the prohibition of the phoenix activities. All the sections applied to regulate the illegal activities are common in nature. It has been reported by many sources that the rate of the illegal phoenix activities are growing in nature and that can be a potential threat for the future of the Australia. Therefore, there is a necessity to implement certain strict rules to curb this corporate phenomenon (Simester et al., 2016). Necessary rules can be implemented either by way of legislative process or by way of amendment. However, if certain proper approaches can be taken to the old rules, there shall be no necessity to implement new rules regarding the same. if the directors of the alleged company had violated the rules under the Corporation Act 2001, he should be penalized in a more effective way. Cancellation of license or suspension from the directorship can be appropriate in nature (Watson, 2015). The ASIC are appointed to deal with the necessary problems regarding the illegal phoenix activities and with the growing nature of the activity, it is important to impose more power to the authority so that it can prohibit the activity in more effective way. The phoenix activity is harmful if there are certain illegal steps adopted and if the intention of the directors is illegal in nature. The nature of the activity is growing and there are number of allegations are being made against many companies who are engaging themselves in the phoenix activities. The main problem regarding the same can be that there are no specific provisions mentioned under the Corporation Act 2001 to prohibit the phenomenon. Therefore, it can be stated that a structural proceeding should have to adopt to deal with the problem. The phoenix activities have attracted various provisions of various Acts and if there is a breach made regarding the same, the offender will face the penal provisions mentioned thereby. There are certain provisions mentioned under the Corporation Act 2001 that deals with the directors duty. In case of the phoenix activity, if any directors of the old company has incorporated a new company by violating the duty to take care and if he or she failed to act diligently, can be held liable under the provisions of section 180 of the Act (Welsh Anderson, 2016). It is the basic rule regarding the phoenix activity that the directors of an older company are incorporated a new company and transferred all the assets of the old company to the new one. If during the process, the directors shall not disclose all the relevant documents to the colleagues or to the shareholders, he shall be liable under the provision of section 184 of the Corporation Act 2001. In case of the winding process of the company, if necessary provisions regarding the same that are mentioned under the Corporation Act has been violated, the directors of such alleged companies will be held liable under section 489EA of the Corporation Act 2001. Further, it has been stated that if the provision regarding the taxation law has been breached by the directors, necessary sections Taxation Administration Act 1953. It is the utmost duty of the directors of the company towards the government to pay the taxes in proper time as the economy of a nation is backed by the taxes. However, in recent times, it has been observed that it becomes a common pattern regarding the phoenix activities to evade the taxes. Therefore, these are affecting the revenue department of the government. If there is a laxity shown regarding the maintenance of taxes, section 269-15 of the Act will be applied. In certain circumstances, it has been observed that the activities of the directors of alleged company has been violated provision of section 550 of the Fair Work Act 2009. The liabilities that are imposed on the directors of the company are statutory in nature and therefore, they are obliged to follow all the rules of the Law. In case they are failed to abide by the liabilities, they will be prosecuted under section 475 and section 530A of the Corporation Act 2001. All the provisions should be organized in a particular structure or such activities cannot be removed from the society Reference: Anderson, H. L., O'Connell, A., Ramsay, I., Welsh, M. A., Withers, H. (2015). The Productivity Commission, Corporate Insolvency and Phoenix Companies. Anderson, H. L., O'Connell, A., Ramsay, I., Welsh, M. A., Withers, H. (2015). Profiling Phoenix Activity: A New Taxonomy. Anderson, H. L., O'Connell, A., Ramsay, I., Welsh, M. A., Withers, H. (2014). Defining and Profiling Phoenix Activity. Anderson, H., Hedges, J., Ramsay, I., Welsh, M. (2016). Illegal phoenix activity from the insolvency practitioner's perspective.Australian Restructuring Insolvency Turnaround Association Journal,28(4), 23. Barnes, L. R. (2013). The Albatross Around the Neck of Company Directors: A Journey Through Case Law, Legislation and Corporate Governance. Brubaker, R. (2013). Expert Report regarding the Ponzi Scheme Presumptionof Actual Intent to Defraud Creditors. DeBacker, J., Heim, B. T., Tran, A. (2015). Importing corruption culture from overseas: Evidence from corporate tax evasion in the United States.Journal of Financial Economics,117(1), 122-138. DeMott, D. (2016). Accessory Disloyalty: Comparative Perspectives on Substantial Assistance to Fiduciary Breach. Knaplund, K. S. (2015). Becoming Charitable: Predicting and Encouraging Charitable Bequests in Wills. Lanis, R., Richardson, G. (2015). Is corporate social responsibility performance associated with tax avoidance?.Journal of Business Ethics,127(2), 439-457. Lynch, K., Hobson, J., Roberts, H., Payne, B. (2016). An analysis of the impact of Community Ownership of Local Assets; case studies from Tewkesbury District, Gloucestershire. Muhammadi, A. H., Muhammadi, A. H., Ahmed, Z., Ahmed, Z., Habib, A., Habib, A. (2016). Multinational transfer pricing of intangible assets: Indonesian tax auditors perspectives.Asian Review of Accounting,24(3), 313-337. Ormerod, D. C., Laird, K., Smith, J. C., Hogan, B. (2015).Smith and Hogan's criminal law. Oxford University Press. Price, J. (2016). The regulator: Illegal phoenix activity.Company Director,32(5), 15. Richardson, G., Taylor, G., Lanis, R. (2013). The impact of board of director oversight characteristics on corporate tax aggressiveness: An empirical analysis.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,32(3), 68-88. Simester, A. P., Spencer, J. R., Stark, F., Sullivan, G. R., Virgo, G. J. (2016).Simester and Sullivan's criminal law: theory and doctrine. Bloomsbury Publishing. Watson, S. (2015). Corporate Law and Governance.NZ Law Review,2015, 239-717. Welsh, M., Anderson, H. (2016). The Public Enforcement of Sanctions against Illegal Phoenix Activity: Scope, Rationale and Reform.Fed. L. Rev.,44,